• Default
  • Foliage
  • Clouds
  • Random Quote

    Most people do not really want freedom, because freedom involves responsibility, and most people are frightened of responsibility. — Sigmund Freud

  •  

    March 2010
    M T W T F S S
    « Jan    
    1234567
    891011121314
    15161718192021
    22232425262728
    293031  

Music!

Now you can listen to some of Mindforums’ favorite music while you browse through the site, if you go to the Music page on the right hand side of the site menu!!.
Please feel free to leave any comment and suggestions.

“There is nothing that art cannot express” ~ Oscar Wilde

What would you like to express with art?

  • Share/Bookmark

Be on The Alert for Unscientific Media Reports!

The Experimental HIV Vaccine

THIV vaccine bottlehe Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, two of the most puissant media outlets, informed us of the new experimental HIV Vaccine that inflamed the hopes of many.

“An experimental vaccine regimen has shown a modest ability to protect people exposed to the HIV virus, the first time an investigational HIV vaccine has been shown to have this effect. The results from the trial, which involved more than 16,000 adult participants in Thailand, indicated that the vaccine regimen lowered the rate of contracting HIV by 31% compared with those taking a placebo, according to the U.S. National Institute of Health, which helped fund the study” (Gautam Naik, WSJ).

Out of the 8,198 people who received a placebo drug, 74 became infected with HIV.
Out of the other 8,198 people who received the real vaccine, 51 got affected.

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Drinking age of 21 merely an inadequacy?

Drinking 03I rejoiced to see the following article in CNN’s Health Care in America commentary: “Drinking age of 21 doesn’t work.” Finally a sensible statement about the issue. The 21-year-old drinking age has not been an effective solution to the problem of drunk driving, or alcohol-related deaths among young adults. Not only is it ineffective, it might actually pose more risks for young people.

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Reality fell away. There’s only Reality TV.

Reality tv 2Allow me a moment to express my bewilderment of the media and, more specifically television and reality shows.

Almost all cable channels are adulterated with at least one ‘Reality show’ which portrays a reality that cannot be further from the actual world. And even if the portrayal is realistic, don’t we have enough reality in out lives – every minute of every day?! Come on, do you really have to hurry to your TV set in order to see ‘The Real Housewives’? If you are not one yourself, talk to your neighbor. She has 6 kids, too and she is a real housewife! Ask about her life. Ask her what it all feels like. It doesn’t get any more real that that.

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Monogamy. Marriage. Divorce.

About 50% of first marriages for men under age 45 may end in divorce, and between 44 and 52% of women’s first marriages may end in divorce for these age groups.

Rose M. Kreider and Jason M. Fields, “Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 1996″, U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports, February 2002, p. 18.

Relationship 01What do these numbers tell us?
My interpretation is that marriage is no longer the rock-solid and unyielding sacrament it was invented to be. Yes – invented. Holy matrimony and monogamy, for that matter, are human creations that made a lot a sense in a brutish and nasty world, where one faced a myriad of enemies and hardships. However, that was a totally different time: in 1900 the average lifespan was 47 years; in 2000 it is 77. In the past, many men lost their wives to childbirth and getting remarried was very common. Fortunately, short life and perilous delivery are no longer the norm. So, are we unreasonable in expecting monogamy to work for all of us, all the way through our long life?

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Personality Traits Across America

Along with the study of human personality, scientists have also attempted to understand the geographic variations in psychological characteristics. There has been extensive research examining the variations across and within nations and different analysts have utilized diverse theoretical frameworks for their study of Personality.
Through the better part of the twentieth century, psychologists focused on the psychoanalytical view of personality that emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences and unconscious motives. Differences in child-rearing practices and societal values were examined in order to understand personality differences. However, there was a lack of theoretical clarity and a fervid debate as to what actually measured personality. The surveys and autobiographical essays that had been used were rather subjective and could not be easily unified under a single theoretical perspective. The same was the case with the analyses of children’s books and popular movies.
With the occurrence of the trait approach to personality and, more specifically, the Five Factor Model of Personality (FFM; i.e. Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism and Openness), there has been a renewed interest in the study of geographic variations in personality. Today this is a widely accepted framework for conceptualizing the structure of personality (Costa & McCrae, 1992; Goldberg, 1990, 1992; John & Srivastava, 1999). The measurement of five personality traits that remain relatively stable throughout adult life (McCrae & Costa 2003; Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer, 2006; Srivastava, John, Gosling, & Potter, 2003) and can be found in different cultures (Benet-Martinez & John, 2000) notably objectifies the research.
One of the studies focused on personality differences within the USA. It was an extensive research, using personality data from over half a million U.S. residents from different states. The results indicated strong patters of regional variations in personality as well as “strong relationships between state-level personality and geographic indicators of crime, social capital, religiosity, political values, employment, and health” (Rentfrow, Gosling, & Potter, 2008). The Wall Street Journal published its “United States of Mind” based on these findings.
It turns out some of the cliches are indeed true: New Yorkers are stressed-out and Californians are laid-back. In fact, the research influenced a tourism official in Florida for the new Florida tourism pitch: “Come visit us, we’re not neurotic!” The study really confirms most of the regional stereotypes, but also comes with a few surprised. The results are perceptible on WSJ’s Interactive Graphics that map the state personality means (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122211987961064719.html#articleTabs%3Dinteractive).
According to the data “New Yorkers are less warm and dutiful yet more high-strung and creative than are people in the rest of the country. “North Dakotans are more sociable and affable and less anxious and imaginative than are people in other states”(Rentfrow, Gosling, & Potter, 2008).
Neuroticism was highest in the Northeast and Southeast (West Virginia, New York, Mississippi, New Jersey, Kentucky, Louisiana, Ohio). Utah was marked as the least Neurotic state, followed by Colorado, Oregon, Nevada and Arizona.
Extraversion is highest in the Great Plains, Midwest and Southeastern states (North/South Dakota, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Georgia and Florida). Lowest scores were found in Maryland, New Hampshire, Alaska, Vermont, Washington and Idaho.
Openness is most found in Washington D.C., New York, Massachusetts, Oregon and California. The least open to new experiences people appear to live in North Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, Alaska and Wisconsin.
Agreeableness blossoms in North Dakota, Minnesota, Mississippi, Wisconsin and Tennessee. It is least found in Alaska, Wyoming, Nevada, New York, Maine, Virginia and Connecticut.
Conscientiousness appeared highest in New Mexico, followed by North Carolina, Georgia, Utah, Kansas, Oklahoma, Nebraska and Florida. Lowest measurements of Conscientiousness were taken from Alaska, Hawaii, Maine, Wyoming, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts.
The results roved plenty of food for thought and are still being analyzed. Psychologists try to find the roots for the prominence of certain personality traits in certain regions. Each of the traits can be influenced by the myriad of factors, such as physical environment (climate, temperatures), levels of urbanization, crowding, neighborhood characteristics, housing quality and availability of basic necessities. Neuroticism, for example,  can be explained by the crowding and busy lifestyle (which is probably the case in New York), but also by poverty and high crime rates.
Historical migration patterns probably have a lot to do with the patterns we are observing today: “geographic differences in personality could have emerged as a result of immigrants selectively migrating to places that satisfied and reinforced their psychological and physical needs” (Rentfrow et al, 2008). Selective migration is equally important. People are social beings that need understanding and approval. Naturally then, “people seek out social environments in which their attitudes, beliefs, and personalities are valued by others and can be easily expressed” (Buss, 1987; McCrae, 2001; Swann, Rentfrow, & Guinn, 2002). It comes as no surprise then that regional economics demonstrate bohemians (musicians, artists, etc) tend to settle in diverse cosmopolitan areas where creative abilities are more valued (Florida, 2002). For several decades, gay people have migrated to large cosmopolitan center that tend to be more open to diversity and novelties.
Most people are readily susceptible to social influence. This has been largely studied within the dynamic social-impact theory, which explains that attitudes and beliefs can changed through social influence. For example, “if a certain personality dimension (e.g., Neuroticism) is common within a region, it is possible that the psychological and behavioral tendencies associated with it (e.g., anxiety, moodiness) could influence the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of people in that region who are initially comparatively low on the relevant traits” (Rentfrow et. al, 2008). In turn, the anxiety and general neuroticism that you may adopt as behavioral tendencies of your own can cause you health to deteriorate (increased chances of depression and anxiety) and even affect your relationships (Becoming less trusting and less patient). Therefore, it makes sense to be vigilant when moving to a new state, especially if it is known for a characteristic trait you don’t particularly appreciate.
Along with the study of human personality, scientists have also attempted to understand the geographic variations in psychological characteristics. There has been extensive research examining the variations across and within nations and different analysts have utilized diverse theoretical frameworks for their study of Personality.
Traits distribution N O C
  • Share/Bookmark

Light Pollution

When was the last time you stood under the naked skies and gazed at the stars? How often does this happen to you? Let me guess, not too often? Why?
Among other reasons,
our naked skies have turned into a haze of light. And the stars? We don’t see them anymore, at least not so often.
This is due to Light Pollution – any type of artificial light that shines outward and upward instead of downward, where it is actually needed. One might wonder how could this be pollution and how serious it could be, but it is an increasingly growing problem, whose real consequences
we are only beginning to understand.
Nowadays, the night skies over most of the developed world, especially the USA, Europe and Japan, are a cloud of light. In fact, people in about a third of the USA, half of Europe and all of Japan cannot see the Milky way at night.
Clearly, humans are not nocturnal creatures, but our desire to modify our surroundings and transform the natural state of things is a little frightening. By altering the natural day-night circle, we are changing more than we initially wanted.
Light pollution is greatly affecting animals’ breeding, feeding and migration.
Birds, for example, react to light as metal to magnet. They tend to gather around light objects and fly in circle around them. This has become an issue, since we have thousands of brightly lit high scrapers, that attract birds until they drop down with exhaustion. In addition, birds use light and darkness for guidance in their migration. Normally, longer days are associated with opportunity for feeding and longer nights are associated with winder time. When we light up the night sky, we fool the populations of birds into thinking there is a longer day. Consequently, they are able to feed more and reach the needed amount of body fat quicker. Thus, they leave for they migration route sooner than required for their survival. The real problem is that birds would leave before cold weather has set in and come back the following year before the warm weather has created good living conditions for their populations.
Yet another example, of how light pollution affects birds is their singing in unusual times.
Sea turtles also suffer the effects of light pollution. The female sea turtles naturally look for dark beaches to lay their eggs. Their hatchlings are then born with the instinct to move towards the reflective (therefore, lighter) surface of the water. However, the brightly lit cities and/or highways behind the beach line confuse the little hatchlings, who end up traveling towards that brightness and never reach the water – their natural habitat. In Florida, alone, the number of hatchlings that survive decreases with hundreds of thousands each year.
Frogs and toads are species with nighttime breeding rituals. Very often, the ponds and swamps they inhabit are located near bright lit highways or cities, so that these little earthlings never have the darkness necessary for their breeding practices.
Other examples of how our light pollution affects living forms are the many nocturnal creatures that feed in the darkness of the night. For those, it is increasingly difficult to find the darkness, so crucial for their survival. Insects, we all have notices, tend to cluster around streetlights. Therefore, it is increasingly difficult for nocturnal bats to feed and their populations suffer.
While one might not be particularly worried about the life of a frog, or a bat. In this case, however, we are talking about whole populations of specie, whose numbers are decreasing because we have decided to modify the natural world and oder of things. Needless to say, change in a single species can initiate a number of other changes in the biosphere. These changes might eventually affect us in a way we would not like. Maybe we ought to consider the big picture. After all, we are earthlings as well and we are also affected by the same natural principles that guide birds and toads.
The change and constant rotation of the day and the night governs our Circadian rhythms. In humans, the Circadian rhythm lasts approximately 24 hours and directs sleep and waking, core body temperature and hormonal levels.
Recent research (Kloog et al.) indicates that excessive exposure to artificial light at night may be a risk factor for breast cancer in women. These studies do not imply causation, only correlation, but they certainly demonstrate there are many things we do not understand yet. Our human species has evolved in a world where a day was followed by a night. All of a sudden, people were forced to work night shifts or simply live amidst the bright neon cities. Who knows how our bodies will react to this sudden change? What are we experimenting with? Is it not ourselves?
I would be an advocate of the bright night if we actually needed the light. Most of the time, however, this is not the case. Often, it is simply useless, aimless lighting! Office buildings with no businesses open during the night certainly do not need all their cubicles brightly lit, do they? The office building right next to my apartment building shines bright 24 hours, every day of the year, without a single soul inside. Who needs all of this light? And why waste all of this electricity? On the contrary, this is bothering me and all the other people who cannot make their bedrooms dark enough to get a good night’s sleep.
One would think that in these hard times of economic and environmental challenges we would be more cautious not to waste as much energy. Yet, we indulge in our wasteful habits and cast light where we don’t even need it. The International Dark-Sky Association claims that about a third of outdoor lighting is wasted due to ineffective light fixtures. In the USA alone, the annual cost for wasted/ misdirected light costs $10 billion. This is a very simple equation – wasted light is wasted energy and money.
Replacing the fixtures in public spaces with dark-sky-friendly fixtures can surely be a strain on the budget. Between 2002 and 2005 the Canadian city of Calgary has replaced its older, drop-lens streetlights with flat-lens night-sky friendly fixtures (Brad Scriber, Nightlight Savings Time). This enormous project of replacing 37, 000 lights project was a major investment. But with $1.7 million in annual energy savings, the project is expected to pay for itself by 2012.
“Of all the pollutions we face, light pollution is perhaps the most easily remedied”
~Verlyn Klinkenborg, The National Geographic
There is a lot we can do!
We can update existing fixtures with new designs that reduce glare and focus light on the ground, instead of outwards and upwards. When buying light fixtures we can look for the light-fixture seal of approval by the International Dark-Sky Association (http://www.darksky.org). We can install motion-activated lights for parks, parking lots, building and so on. Switch off the lights when we don’t need them! Try to eliminate aimless lighting! Care! Begin to change our habits and not waste! And step by step we might all be able to see the stars again.
Until then, starry nights will be “rare and exotic skyscapes for many” (Tamie R. Smith). If you would like to plan a dark-sky vacation, these are the spots that offer excellent conditions for stargazing: Death Valley National Park, California and Nevada; Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah; Cherry Springs State Park, Pennsylvania; Acadia National Park, Maine.
That is correct, these days, we need a National Park with its laws and regulations in order to gaze at the stars. I am quite sure, our ancestors did not envision the problems we are having today.
Have a starry night!

Light pollution 06When was the last time you stood under the naked skies and gazed at the stars? How often does this happen to you? Let me guess, not too often? Why?

Among other reasons,our skies have turned into a haze of light. And the stars? We don’t see them anymore, at least not so often.

This is due to Light Pollution – any type of artificial light that shines outward and upward instead of downward, where it is actually needed. One might wonder how could this be pollution and how serious could it be, but it is an increasingly growing problem, whose real consequences we are only beginning to understand.

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Why Have Children?

It seems that many of the global problems humanity is facing are due to the fact that our  home, Earth, is being overpopulated. Since the Industrial Revolution, the world population has increased its size dramatically. While longevity is on the rise and the overall quality of life has improved significantly, we are far from eradicating hunger, crime, pollution, abuse and neglect. For a large portion of the world population, one or all of the above are a daily reality.

world-population2

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

The Disturbed Child

rad

Reactive Attachment Disorder:

Etiology, Symptoms, Affected Brain Areas and Treatment

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is characterized by considerably disturbed and inappropriate social interaction, across situations, that is manifested before the age of five (DSM-IV-R). Evidence for the disorder is usually seen in continuous failure to respond appropriately in social situations (being hypervigilant, inhibited, or ambivalent) and/or inability to develop and exhibit selective attachment to primary caregiver(s) (DSM-IV-R). The causes for the disturbed behavior in Reactive Attachment are associated with the developmental stages of Infancy and Early childhood, when pathogenic care can have profound and lasting effects. DSM-IV outlines three aspects of pathogenic care that explain the disturbance in normal development and behavior: persistent disregard for the child’s physical and emotional needs, as well as repeated changes of primary caregiver and/or surroundings. The connection between pathogenic care and disrupted behavior is compelling and reminds of the critical importance of nurture and effective parenting. Many psychologists have studied in depth child development during the first years of life and reveal that this is an extremely sensitive period for both physical and emotional development and maturation. It is a critical time for cultivating attachment, social skills, developing empathy and understanding basic values.

Read the rest of this entry »

  • Share/Bookmark

Prozac in your brain?

prozacProzak (fluoxetine) is among the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), aka. second-generation antidepressants. As all SSRIs, Prozak blocks the reuptake transporter for serotonin, preventing it from being taken back to the axon terminal. Since this transporter is blocked, serotonin remains in the synaptic cleft for long periods, continuing to have its effect on the postsynaptic neuron. Although this effect takes place very quickly, depression symptoms take long periods to be alleviated. This phenomenon is not fully understood, but it’s interesting to note that Prozak increases the production of new neurons in the hippocampus – a limbic structure that is very vulnerable to stress-induced damage. Therefore, it is suspected that this renewal in the hippocampus is exactly the reason behind this antidepressant’s effect.

  • Share/Bookmark